Google, Post Quantum İmzalar İçin Harekete Geçiyor

Google, Post Kuantum İmzalarına Yöneliyor

Google Tink, kriptografi yöntemlerinin entegrasyonu için açık kaynaklı bir depodur. Riskleri azaltmak ve kod entegrasyonunu basitleştirmek için en iyi uygulamaları kullanır. Şu anda Golang Java, C++, Python ve Objective-C'yi desteklemektedir. Java, Android cihazlarda iyi desteklendiğinden, kod Google Pay dahil olmak üzere çok çeşitli uygulamalara entegre edilmiştir.

Kriptografide kullandığımız standart yöntemlerden biri, bir mesajı özel bir anahtarla imzalamak ve imzayı genel anahtarla kanıtlamaktır. Yani, Bob'un bir anahtar çifti varsa, mesajı imzalamak için özel anahtarını kullanır ve ardından Alice, Bob'un genel anahtarını kullanarak imzalayanın Bob olduğunu kanıtlar. Ayrıca mesajın Eve tarafından değiştirilmediğini de kanıtlayacaktır.

Bu yöntemi birçok uygulamada kullanıyoruz. Bir örnek, Bitcoin transferleridir ve burada Bob, Alice'e belirli sayıda bitcoin ödemek için bir işlemi imzalar. Bu işlemi özel anahtarıyla (cüzdanında bulunan) imzalar ve ardından genel anahtarıyla birlikte blockchain'e ekler. Transferi kontrol etmek isteyen herkes, imzayı Bob'un genel anahtarıyla kontrol edecektir.

Şimdi Google Tink'in dijital imza kodlarını nasıl oluşturduğuna bakalım. Google Tink ile ECDSA, EdDSA ve RSA'yı kullanabilsek de, post-kuantum dayanıklı bir yöntem ML-DSA kullanır. Özellikle, 192-bit güvenlik seviyesine sahip olan ML-DSA-65'i kullanır. Daha sonra, bir mesajı sign() yöntemiyle imzalamak için anahtar çiftinin özel anahtarını kullanabiliriz:

 params, _:=  mldsa.NewParameters(mldsa.MLDSA65, mldsa.VariantNoPrefix)

 manager := keyset.NewManager()

 keyID,_ := manager.AddNewKeyFromParameters(params)

 manager.SetPrimary(keyID)

 privKey, _ := manager.Handle()

Özel anahtarla yeni bir imzalayan oluşturabiliriz:

signer, _ := signature.NewSigner(privKey)

signatureBytes, _ := signer.Sign(message)

ve ardından genel anahtarı oluşturup imzayı doğrulayabiliriz:

pubKey, _ := privKey.Public()

verifier, _:= signature.NewVerifier(pubKey)

“Testing 123” mesajı ve kesilmiş bir imza için imzayı gösteren örnek bir çalıştırma:

Message: Testing 123

Signature (truncated to 100 bytes): a56ea8ccb87de8db79e3cdfd06c6f99de36c67799d4ca4d04335306f08514852921b0b4e3654a0c62785ab5014f8c19f1b1916bcae53bc96a19b6e8197e640613faaa296457ae1daebbe572e7c894c71e5e9a2697ce99a1fe84dbd48f9ee6c85b60c0f9594abe75242b51a44c7a50401a01585f8253a8e0a4a0d6879861caa6ea3b215806b4287afded72407467612ab44fb3dce1d2ddb0ffec28485451b98ba0e2e57f7765ca39d4054af7096cb6b5618c6792bf3e93d76425aa24cd62732936b05cb11381f551d
Signature size: 3309 bytes

Private Key: primary_key_id:451338756  key_info:{type_url:"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.MlDsaPrivateKey"  status:ENABLED  key_id:451338756  output_prefix_type:RAW}

Public Key: primary_key_id:451338756  key_info:{type_url:"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.MlDsaPublicKey"  status:ENABLED  key_id:451338756  output_prefix_type:RAW}

ML-DSA'nın imza boyutunun 3.309 bayt olduğunu görebiliriz. Anahtar çifti açısından, özel anahtarımız RAW biçimindedir:

Private Key (first 150 characters) [key_data:{
type_url:"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.MlDsaPrivateKey" 
value:"\x12 \x8f\xb8dwHT\"\xf64\x0e\xbd\x17\xa9p9}~\xde\xc6??B\x87~\x99\xb2\x91C\xa7:b\x8d\x1a\xa7\x0f\x12\xa0\x0f\x9a\xd1D\xaf\x11%\x1e/%!\xdbNd\xf6/\x03\xbc\xbd\x870#.!\xabp\x9d\x8b~{\x8drE%\x1f\x00`i\xebzF\x16\x857m\xe4\x12;\x03ǝ\xe94Y\xde7\xbf\xefX^\x97\xcf15C\xa0L\x9f{\xbd\x92c\xd8-Q>\xbc\x9a<'\x97\xacA\x19\xe2\x92\x1avffL\xb7$`\xfe\x159S\xa4ȴB\xd7\xcej\xc0\xb1\x7f¸L\xe2p\x9a͖\x1d]\xc1Ԩ\xfa%\xe9\xc8md\xbc4~\xcd/`\xc3'\x0b\xa7\xba\x942tA\x93\xbc\xca\xf6\x87\x82s\xd6\xcf\x1c3'N\xe2S\x9b?\xacb\xb6\xfe\xdd6\xefm%\t\x12)\xc7\x14+OƖ:\xc8U顔\xa8\xady\xa5Ƅۯ\xee\x08:\x87\xa3M\x80\x07\xebђ\x88\x7f\xf2A\x07\x86}\x86\x94Z\xf9Ǡ4+\x1ag\"\x9f&\xb85\xbb\xe8\xce\x15\x97\xd6*\xb4\xa1\xe5\\1\xff\x95\xeeO]\xffݫg\x1d\xf9\xb7\x1a\xfdRf+\x90\x19\x96\xca\x14=\xbc\x95\xdc;\xef\x93\xc5Q\xae\x9c!\xcf'\x83)΋\xb3s\x81|o\xa7zo\x0b\xec\xc5\x14\xc6S:\x1b\x8c\xbe\xd2'\xc0\xd6d\x96pIF\x97\xa6l\x88\x0e\xa7\x1e\x02\r\x01L\x9c\xfb\rT\xef\xfffo\x8b^\xa6\xfcd+\x88\x7f\xe8E\x06\x93\xcc/Е\xb7\xf7\x17\x8c\xa5\xaf\x9f\x1bXZh\x985\x1cV\xfe\xce\xd4\x01\x98\x1f\xbe\x0fG\xc3%:\x8b\xfcg\x9c*pXn@Y\xd6\xd7\xd6\xe9X\x0e\xc3\x1d\xd5ݫ]\xeb\x1cW\xe7K\xbf5a3\xb2\x13\xd80}V1h\xa6o\x06`W\xc4?|\xfc\xd7\xe3\x9cc1t\xb2\xae\xf6N\xa0\x91pys+e\xe70\xf4\xe4hNy\xa6I\x95\xfb]\xd2p\x9c\x90^C%\x96օ\xadR۸\xbd%\xf4\xa2\xed\xe7\x7f\x93B(\xeaUjG\x19\r\xd0ɾ\x19\xe7\xc9\xd9}\xe4b\xf6\x12*\x05gy8\x15\xb5ι)\xaa\xe6\xe6\xc9ѕ\x17H$8b\xc6\xe3Ǘ\x9e\x94o\x9f)\x1c\xee]l\xb4\xc4P\xe0\xf9\x89\x15\xd0k\xdcH`\xb0\x92~y匳\xa3\xaf\x82-r\x0eY\x80\xc3;\xe0\x14\x04\xb4\x17v\xe2\xd1EV\x13%Q\x14\xee\xf2{1*or\x8c\x9c\xcf\x1cp|\x9b\x07\x85\x8d/\nF\xd3\x07Ҩ\x9af\xe290\x95\x80\x18\x10\x80V\x0b\x02w)\x8cU\x15\xa2\xa1\rn\x0e\x84\x04\x96\x97\x18\x1d\x00\xe0\xdf\xfe\xbcu\x9eI\xa5\x95a\x12ۍ\xd7Rr\xd4\xfa\xaa\x86\x18\x8a\xbdW\xdf\xfa\xb8N\x05\x92߶\x15¸\xa3t\xdbE/\x90\xeb\x81Ycx\xe9+\xb5\xf2\x05,ddz3k\x8b\xaf\x0bL\xd0ށ\xady\xc1yw\x80\x10\xd1ə\xedĤ\xc08\x0c\xb8\x1e\xc1\x0c/@\xf6\xf2\x1d\xd4\xfel诣\x98|r\xd8\x00[\x9c\x96\xf3\xabbx\x10\x16\x8c\xdcr*\x0b\xf9\x1f\xea\x84\xfcw|-\x86\xbf\t4\xea\xf0H\xbf\x95z.q\x02$\x8ei\x92J\xc1\x1b\x05\x94\nD\\\xb5\x1aD\x82\x1f\x17\xcfh\x8acA\xd6\x17\xe4\xa0\t矙\xddc$\xb6X@\xb9P\x16;^\x9a\xf1\xb3>\x18\xe7\x14\xb5rU\x86\x9d]q\xa6\xf5\xa4\xa4GkVw\xd7\xebv\x18\x13Q\xb2H8-\x83\x97\xbbM\xc5\xe8+@X/\xbe\xf0\xef\xec:\xe3\xa8N.a\x16\x0f\xb9\x00\xc9l^v\xac\x99\xebf9'%f\xe40\xe5\x934d\x9d-\x9eٙ\xff\xc2J\xbb+!ĻA\x16\xe9\x881\x9c\xab\x80\xfe\xd3\x10\xf1 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x19\xfd\x83\xf58\x94\xd1\xd1x\xbcȁM^\x9e\x1b\xf8\xacec\xf6$HQ\\w\xc1,\n\xf2Ό\xb0\xca\xc1(\xf0\xa12.\x9a\x82\xcc\xdb\xd0}}Hv`iU\x91\xcb^\x1e\\\xe2\xa4z\xe2gkˣ\\\xf7\xf3L+qc\x90멺t\xfd\xb9\x08\xce7\raA\x1f\xa3\xb5\xdf\x7fZ\x07O\xfa\xb1\x92\x9aaH\x15\x10r\x80!\xadt\xa9{\x0f܌JP\x7ft\x198\x95\xbc\x85\xa2D\xe3֊\r\x94\xdcg\x1a\x13\xff\xb72$\x97\xee\x9c;#Ɓij\x93\xce^+\x14\xb5Z\x05n\xdaR\xd1\xd9z\xea\xf9\t\xd0^\xf3k\x96$\xb7\x00A\xafLA\xc0\xf3\xbe\x05\xe6oE\x17\x07B<^\xe4)\xf3+l\xa2S\xa9\xe5UM\xa6)Wi\xf9=\x96\x84\xa9\x0f\x1f{Ij\x10\xac\xb5\xbc\x87қ~J\xebr\xa5/\xe0W\xd7\x0ee\xd5\x10g\x94\x96\xfcO\xb9\xcfΑqh\x94-)\xd5\x1a)\xb5K)5ysN\x82\xf8c\xc1>\xf9`r\xe2\xab\xec\xcf3fF\xa8\x11Lz\x84\x8a<;S\xdb*\x9b\x8f\xef\xe1-亾&\x0b\x14\xb0)k\xe9\xd4\xf3l-\xba\x13\x8cp\xde\xd9\x06\xf6\xd4\x1cf\r=\xc6/i\xc4\x02\x96g\xad\xdf\xc1\\$e\x02I\x1c\xbd\\',\xed\xa2wޯ\x15\x10\x85\x1a\x97~@\xe4\x1d\x8a|\x13}*\\\xfb[U\x12\\@\xd1\x19ecT\xf1\xfa\xbc\x89+\xfe\x18Te,\xd1\xd2h\xa0^\xef\xb7\xc0\x91\x82V]\x9bX,F\x14\x8f\xa6\xb0\xe9ͤT\x0f\xf3U\xf4.(>\x96\x01\xb3HRP\xac\x02\xba\x1e\x89\xe3\x0b$\xf4|\xf3\x98\x1c\xb6l\x07\x879\x9ezgk\x8f\x8b\x0e߀G\xd3\x15\xbeYV\x89\xfa\x13\x83j\xea\xbf\xe0z=\xda\x00`\x9b\xee=і|\x88\x98\x8e\x8a\x05LI\n$\x00\xa3or(\x99\xabs\xb9K0\x8f\xd7\x07\x8a\xb2\xfb\xb1B0\xcd\xc4\x12N\x0f\xc6h\x7fc\x0fEe\x03\xaey׾\x8b\xc1LE\x0eKd\xf5\x9d\xe3]\x18h\x91\x1d!\xfe\x8c\xb5\xc7\xc9\xf3\x1e\x1a%\xbd\xfc(\xe1\x11\x10ο;\xf5\xf8\xae\xb9d\xb9\xb8y`\x0f\xa7EtU\xba$\xa8\x19\x82N~\xad7\x17\xd7\x02`\x8d\x06\x97_ÿ\xa9\xf7\xf0\x9b\x9f\x0b\xb8\x11\xe4\xc6\xd0\x04\x90\x99\xac\x81\xcbC\x84\x15\xcd\xcch\xb36`u\x84\xbd\xc0R\x04\xd6\xee\xa47\xc3\x7f\xed\xfb3\xe36\xb4\x05\xdea]\x1b\x1cn=\xef0\x11\xaa\xdc(\xa7.\xe0F=b^s-\xfb\x1d&\xfb\x15\x07\x869\xab\x96U#\xaa\t\xf7\x14\x1eCؔ\xcfw\xfb\xa7S\x9dT\x17\xb7\x99Y&\x9a+\xae\x9a}A\r4z\xfd\x9d6\t\re\x16\xe3\xa5\r)\xe1\xe9\xf3\xf8\xa0\xce\x1b\x16\xd3cD-7\x1bK\xf6\x9d\xd7\t[\xfcQv\x08\xe8q\x8f\x1b\xefa\x12\x14'\x18P\x81:\x7f\xa2;\xb6\xc8\x13\xc5\xeb\xbd\xd2\xd9as\xa5(g\x9d\xd4\x02G\xbd\x0f5\xbd\xf3\xafj\x94\x0cװ\x81\x9aX\xbb\x88(\x1f\xa9\xc1ˋ%k\xa0y@\x95Y\x02d\xe9z4Tg\xce_ܦu\xd7\n)ܲf\x98\x80\x8f6%\xd0\x1c\xd6\x17\x0b\xb1\rN\xc2M@iw\xc8\x03\xf5\xdaYR\x7f\x84\xd1\x0eĎ\xd1\xc6ϯ\xeb\xa2\x03A\xb5\xeez\xa3\xce\xca\x00\xe9|\x94\rڀ\xe5ϟA\x99^\xcaNo\xf3)\xf0}\xfd\xd6:\x80\x83\xb4&\xaeWxZ\xa2G\x01\x19\xab\x14z\x9aR \xa9i\x0f\xcd\xc4Z\t\x83\xa1r\xb6eٰ\x07l\x06\xab\xe2\x88\xe5Z^ I\xeeǀ\xe4K\xb9*{+\xfb,\x9b\x84\x95u\xb5\x07\x02\xa0\x0cL\xd9\x0c\xedC\xe78s#\xa65\x05F4\x07\x93\xfc\xbdМ\xcc\xf0xQ@E\xe9\x1a\x02\x08\x01" 
key_material_type:ASYMMETRIC_PRIVATE} 
status:ENABLED key_id:113708819 
output_prefix_type:RAW]:

ve genel anahtar:

[key_data:{type_url:"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.MlDsaPublicKey" 
value:"\x12\xa0\x0f\x9a\xd1D\xaf\x11%\x1e/%!\xdbNd\xf6/\x03\xbc\xbd\x870#.!\xabp\x9d\x8b~{\x8drE%\x1f\x00`i\xebzF\x16\x857m\xe4\x12;\x03ǝ\xe94Y\xde7\xbf\xefX^\x97\xcf15C\xa0L\x9f{\xbd\x92c\xd8-Q>\xbc\x9a<'\x97\xacA\x19\xe2\x92\x1avffL\xb7$`\xfe\x159S\xa4ȴB\xd7\xcej\xc0\xb1\x7f¸L\xe2p\x9a͖\x1d]\xc1Ԩ\xfa%\xe9\xc8md\xbc4~\xcd/`\xc3'\x0b\xa7\xba\x942tA\x93\xbc\xca\xf6\x87\x82s\xd6\xcf\x1c3'N\xe2S\x9b?\xacb\xb6\xfe\xdd6\xefm%\t\x12)\xc7\x14+OƖ:\xc8U顔\xa8\xady\xa5Ƅۯ\xee\x08:\x87\xa3M\x80\x07\xebђ\x88\x7f\xf2A\x07\x86}\x86\x94Z\xf9Ǡ4+\x1ag\"\x9f&\xb85\xbb\xe8\xce\x15\x97\xd6*\xb4\xa1\xe5\\1\xff\x95\xeeO]\xffݫg\x1d\xf9\xb7\x1a\xfdRf+\x90\x19\x96\xca\x14=\xbc\x95\xdc;\xef\x93\xc5Q\xae\x9c!\xcf'\x83)΋\xb3s\x81|o\xa7zo\x0b\xec\xc5\x14\xc6S:\x1b\x8c\xbe\xd2'\xc0\xd6d\x96pIF\x97\xa6l\x88\x0e\xa7\x1e\x02\r\x01L\x9c\xfb\rT\xef\xfffo\x8b^\xa6\xfcd+\x88\x7f\xe8E\x06\x93\xcc/Е\xb7\xf7\x17\x8c\xa5\xaf\x9f\x1bXZh\x985\x1cV\xfe\xce\xd4\x01\x98\x1f\xbe\x0fG\xc3%:\x8b\xfcg\x9c*pXn@Y\xd6\xd7\xd6\xe9X\x0e\xc3\x1d\xd5ݫ]\xeb\x1cW\xe7K\xbf5a3\xb2\x13\xd80}V1h\xa6o\x06`W\xc4?|\xfc\xd7\xe3\x9cc1t\xb2\xae\xf6N\xa0\x91pys+e\xe70\xf4\xe4hNy\xa6I\x95\xfb]\xd2p\x9c\x90^C%\x96օ\xadR۸\xbd%\xf4\xa2\xed\xe7\x7f\x93B(\xeaUjG\x19\r\xd0ɾ\x19\xe7\xc9\xd9}\xe4b\xf6\x12*\x05gy8\x15\xb5ι)\xaa\xe6\xe6\xc9ѕ\x17H$8b\xc6\xe3Ǘ\x9e\x94o\x9f)\x1c\xee]l\xb4\xc4P\xe0\xf9\x89\x15\xd0k\xdcH`\xb0\x92~y匳\xa3\xaf\x82-r\x0eY\x80\xc3;\xe0\x14\x04\xb4\x17v\xe2\xd1EV\x13%Q\x14\xee\xf2{1*or\x8c\x9c\xcf\x1cp|\x9b\x07\x85\x8d/\nF\xd3\x07Ҩ\x9af\xe290\x95\x80\x18\x10\x80V\x0b\x02w)\x8cU\x15\xa2\xa1\rn\x0e\x84\x04\x96\x97\x18\x1d\x00\xe0\xdf\xfe\xbcu\x9eI\xa5\x95a\x12ۍ\xd7Rr\xd4\xfa\xaa\x86\x18\x8a\xbdW\xdf\xfa\xb8N\x05\x92߶\x15¸\xa3t\xdbE/\x90\xeb\x81Ycx\xe9+\xb5\xf2\x05,ddz3k\x8b\xaf\x0bL\xd0ށ\xady\xc1yw\x80\x10\xd1ə\xedĤ\xc08\x0c\xb8\x1e\xc1\x0c/@\xf6\xf2\x1d\xd4\xfel詣\x98|r\xd8\x00[\x9c\x96\xf3\xabbx\x10\x16\x8c\xdcr*\x0b\xf9\x1f\xea\x84\xfcw|-\x86\xbf\t4\xea\xf0H\xbf\x95z.q\x02$\x8ei\x92J\xc1\x1b\x05\x94\nD\\\xb5\x1aD\x82\x1f\x17\xcfh\x8acA\xd6\x17\xe4\xa0\t矙\xddc$\xb6X@\xb9P\x16;^\x9a\xf1\xb3>\x18\xe7\x14\xb5rU\x86\x9d]q\xa6\xf5\xa4\xa4GkVw\xd7\xebv\x18\x13Q\xb2H8-\x83\x97\xbbM\xc5\xe8+@X/\xbe\xf0\xef\xec:\xe3\xa8N.a\x16\x0f\xb9\x00\xc9l^v\xac\x99\xebf9'%f\xe40\xe5\x934d\x9d-\x9eٙ\xff\xc2J\xbb+!ĻA\x16\xe9\x881\x9c\xab\x80\xfe\xd3\x10\xf1 \x8bn\xcf\xf0ょE5\x96U\xb5\x98(\x967\xfb\xa7\xa8B\xfb\xaaG\xaaz\x0c\x16_\xb8\x94\x93\x983\xfa\xe0W\x19\xc4gH\xef2\xe2FE\xfb\xc0\x8e@\"\x19\xb3\x87\"\xfe7p\xfb\xc9e\x9aoYh\xac-Uz\xeb\x8a\xf7\xaa|\xeb.\x91\x96w\tv\x98\xa4\xefN*\xa4\xfc\xd2s\xcbT\xa4\xbe\x16٤\x18$g\xc9󔕨 m \x19\xfd\x83\xf58\x94\xd1\xd1x\xbcȁM^\x9e\x1b\xf8\xacec\xf6$HQ\\w\xc1,\n\xf2Ό\xb0\xca\xc1(\xf0\xa12.\x9a\x82\xcc\xdb\xd0}}Hv`iU\x91\xcb^\x1e\\\xe2\xa4z\xe2gkˣ\\\xf7\xf3L+qc\x90멺t\xfd\xb9\x08\xce7\raA\x1f\xa3\xb5\xdf\x7fZ\x07O\xfa\xb1\x92\x9aaH\x15\x10r\x80!\xadt\xa9{\x0f܌JP\x7ft\x198\x95\xbc\x85\xa2D\xe3֊\r\x94\xdcg\x1a\x